• Multiple factors affect the condition of many fisheries resources.
• However, even when habitat deterioration or destruction are not at issue, many fish stocks are depleted and their capacity to support an active fishery is limited because harvest is not effectively regulated.
• In fisheries supported by wild stocks, effective regulations obviously must protect the potential of natural resources to provide the experience expected by human users.
• Generally, agencies have regulated harvest more successfully in recreational than in commercial fisheries.
• Many recreational users are receptive to regulations if they understand that their future enjoyment will be enhanced by current constraints on their fishing activities.
• Commercial harvesters are less patient when their fishing activities are restricted as their current income often is far more critical to them than is any future prospect of fishing.
• Commercial harvesters often have viewed regulation as a threat to their pursuit of a chosen occupation.
• Therefore, it is not surprising that commercial harvesters often vigorously oppose restrictive harvest regulations.
• Pressure from the fishing, public can influence an agency application of fishing regulations.
• Occasionally, agencies establish regulations in large part because of pressures from users.
• Some groups may be excluded from participating in a fishery while others are not, because of differing levels of political influence.
• Agencies may not establish needed regulations due to political pressure from users.
• This has occurred relatively frequently in coastal commercial fisheries.
• Some fisheries become depleted from overfishing because agencies are unavailable to understand the confounding impacts on resources of fishing, habitat deterioration and natural variation in environmental conditions.
• In other instances, fisheries may be ineffectively managed even though the impacts of fishing are well understood; sociological and ecological economic pressures simply do not allow application of effective regulations to prevent overfishing and resources depletion.

EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ)

Definition

Territorial sea: the sovereignty of a coastal state extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); this sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as its underlying seabed and subsoil; every state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles; the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the mean low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal state; the UNCLOS describes specific rules for archipelagic states.

Contiguous zone: according to the UNCLOS, this is a zone contiguous to a coastal state’s territorial sea, over which it may exercise the control necessary to: prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea; the contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured (e.g. the US has claimed a 12-nautical mile contiguous zone in addition to its 12-nautical mile territorial sea).

Exclusive Economic Zone: Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a sea-zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine
resources. It stretches from the edge of the state’s territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast. In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf beyond the 200 mile limit.

Fig. 1. Different zones in the sea.

Historical Background

• The expressions “patrimonial sea”, “economic zone” or “exclusive economic zone” was first used in the early 1970s in regional meetings and organizations in Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and Africa.
• However, the concept of an extended exclusive economic zone for economic purposes was already used in the late 40s and early 50s: it is rooted in the 1945 Truman Proclamations (on the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf and the conservation of coastal fisheries in certain areas of the high seas), the national claims of several Latin American countries (Chile and Peru), and the Santiago Declaration of 1952.
• The second Truman Proclamation has in particular influenced ocean-related policies in Latin American countries, especially where it states that it is appropriate for the United States “to establish conservation zones…where fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed”.

Management System

• “The EEZ market is very wide covering everything from protecting natural resources such as fishing and offshore platforms to safeguarding the environment through pollution control, to managing sea borders through counter drugs, weapons and illegal immigrant operations to safety of shipping,”
• “All of this requires a government’s commitment to put in place an effective management and control organization. This in turn requires the procurement of assets, Command and Control arrangements and systems and the provision of trained personnel. Many nations have embraced the concept and developed effective strategies, but for others the funding is difficult and must vie for primacy amongst many other equally compelling government departments.”
• “what can be done to achieve the responsibilities and explain some of the technologies that exist to implement an EEZ management and control environment.” Some of the topics this stream will focus on include:
  

Command and control

• crisis management
  
• communications and surveillance
  
• vessel tracking and monitoring systems
  

Maintenance of law and order

• countering narcotics traffic and piracy
  
• countering slavery and illegal immigration
  
• countering maritime terrorism
  

Environmental protection

• oil spills and responses
  
• fisheries regeneration
  
• regulating tourism
  

Safety of navigation and transit

• traffic separation schemes
  
• search and rescue
  

Ship and port facility security (ISPS Code)

• risk assessments
  
• physical measures
  
• logistic end-to-end tracking
  

Management of mineral and ecological resources

• fisheries management
  
• seabed mining
  
• oil and gas field safety and protection
  

EEZ management vessels

• workboats and specialist craft
  
• designing for balanced capability
  

Existing Management System in Bangladesh

• Central fisheries division was established by East Pakistan govt. in 1952, when marine fisheries division was under this division.
• In July of 1977, govt. decided to put marine fisheries department under the ministry of commerce and in December of 1977, this was handed over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA).
  
• Finally in 1984, govt. managed the Marine fisheries Dept. with DoF.
• Organizations involved in management: DoF, BFRI, survcillance check post and BN.

Present Status in Bangladesh

Total area: 200 nm (1, 40, 915 sq. km)

Main fishing area

• South patches (6200 sq. km, nearly Cox’s Bazar)
• South of south patches (2,538 sq. km, south of Dubla Island)
• Middle ground (46,000 sq. km, south of Patuakhali)
• Swatch of no ground (38,00 sq. km, south of Dubla Island)

Fisheries resources

Species

• Commercially harvested fish species: Hilsa, Churi, Loitta, Poa, Chanda etc.
• Commercially harvested shrimp species: Bagda, Chaka, Horina, Ruda etc.

Stocks

• Pelagic stock: 60,000-120,000mt
• Demersal stock: 1,85,000mt
• Shrimp stock: 40,000mt

Gears/Crafts

• Mechanized boats: 21,433
• Non-mechanized boats: 22,527
• Shrimp fry nets: 1,98,770
• Ber jal: 800
• Others: 61,500

Problems and Suggestions

Fisheries resources and its stock related

• No available current survey
• Overexploitation and under-exploitation
• Pollution
• Fishing season identification
• Deforestation

Gear/craft related

• Banned gear utilization
• Inadequate deep sea fishing
• Lack of deep sea trawler/mother ship

Socio-economic

• Middle men
• Credit facilities
• Rehabilitation
• Sanitation
• Illiteracy
• Deprived form social; facilities

Marketing

• Storage house facilities
• Landing and marketing facilities
• Ice and salts availability and qualities
• Packaging/canning
• Lack of post harvest technologies
• Lack of monitoring

Institutional

• Co-operation
  
• Fund
  
• Skilled manpower
  

Others

• Govt. realization
  
• Donor availability
  

Species for EEZ

(source: www.Fishbase.org)

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